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Males that compete for more mating opportunities are the ones that have shown less cooperation in breeding. However, there are other males that in order to gain access to females and mating opportunities practice parental care. Such parental care is mostly seen in polyandrous mating systems; but they must go through the cost of sharing paternity and parental care. This has been observed in avians like acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus),[12] and fishes as the cichlid fish (Julidochromis transcriptus).[23] Observations that show male relatedness suggest the importance for male social relationships in taking care of offspring. These social relationships in males are seen in primates, Geoffroy's tamarins, Saguinus geoffroyi.[24] High proportions of related males at the half sibling or higher were found.[24] As for frog species, rhacaphorid frog (Kurixalus eiffingeri), is one of the few that is polyandrous and exhibits parental care of eggs. The male frogs sit on the egg clutches, maintaining contact with the eggs.[25] Parental care and males genetic contribution were found significantly correlated meaning that male frogs with a higher paternity attended their eggs far more significantly than those of partial paternity for the clutch.[25] Females that mate with more than one male obtain the aid of both and as a result of all three parents providing food and care to the offspring there is an increase in the survival of their young. The amount of help is determined based on mating share and paternity share. (Mating Systems, p 275) In polyandrous mating it has been suggested that male cooperation may outweigh the costs of sharing paternity in situations of scarcity, of foods and of high competition levels for land or females. Female size and a large breeding territory defended by more males may force male cooperation. For males, such factors can promote an increase in reproductive success, leaving behind the cost of paternity share (Mating Systems, p277). Comb-crested jacana's (Irediparra gallinacea) has shown genetic evidence for paternity assurance.[26] The comb-crested jacana females had one to three more mates available for copulation. In order to guarantee paternity to their male mates, the females would spend time in the territory of the male, laying her eggs

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 Copyright =A9 2021, all rights reserved.</span>
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Males that compete for more mating opportunities are the ones that have sho=
wn less cooperation in breeding. However, there are other males that in ord=
er to gain access to females and mating opportunities practice parental car=
e. Such parental care is mostly seen in polyandrous mating systems; but the=
y must go through the cost of sharing paternity and parental care. This has=
 been observed in avians like acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus),[=
12] and fishes as the cichlid fish (Julidochromis transcriptus).[23] Observ=
ations that show male relatedness suggest the importance for male social re=
lationships in taking care of offspring. These social relationships in male=
s are seen in primates, Geoffroy's tamarins, Saguinus geoffroyi.[24] High p=
roportions of related males at the half sibling or higher were found.[24]

As for frog species, rhacaphorid frog (Kurixalus eiffingeri), is one of the=
 few that is polyandrous and exhibits parental care of eggs. The male frogs=
 sit on the egg clutches, maintaining contact with the eggs.[25] Parental c=
are and males genetic contribution were found significantly correlated mean=
ing that male frogs with a higher paternity attended their eggs far more si=
gnificantly than those of partial paternity for the clutch.[25] Females tha=
t mate with more than one male obtain the aid of both and as a result of al=
l three parents providing food and care to the offspring there is an increa=
se in the survival of their young. The amount of help is determined based o=
n mating share and paternity share. (Mating Systems, p 275)

In polyandrous mating it has been suggested that male cooperation may outwe=
igh the costs of sharing paternity in situations of scarcity, of foods and =
of high competition levels for land or females. Female size and a large bre=
eding territory defended by more males may force male cooperation. For male=
s, such factors can promote an increase in reproductive success, leaving be=
hind the cost of paternity share (Mating Systems, p277). Comb-crested jacan=
a's (Irediparra gallinacea) has shown genetic evidence for paternity assura=
nce.[26] The comb-crested jacana females had one to three more mates availa=
ble for copulation. In order to guarantee paternity to their male mates, th=
e females would spend time in the territory of the male, laying her eggs
</span>
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<a http://microsoft.com/**0drZpCmfJwjcNvm** href=3D"http://www.greensmore.u=
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